July 3, 1863: At the Battle of Gettysburg, the multi-divisional Confederate infantry charge, popularly known as "Pickett's Charge, failed with horrific casualties.
July 4, 1863: The Siege of Vicksburg ended with the surrender of the city to the Union Army. With the surrender of Port Hudson, LA five days later, the Union controlled the length of the Mississippi River. The fighting would go on for another 21 bloody months until the Confederacy surrendered.
Ever since I first read about Gettysburg, it seemed to me that Gen. Pickett got a bum rap. The charge wasn't his idea and he wasn't in overall command of the charge. He commanded the center division. The charge was commanded by Gen. Longstreet, who predicted that it would fail, but Gen. Lee ordered it anyway.
Lee may have had a good reason to order the charge, he may have been counting on Gen. Stuart's cavalry to get behind the Union lines and cause a panic. But a heavily outnumbered Union cavalry brigade, led by Gen. Custer, stopped Stuart's attack and the Union center held.
Another bit of trivia is that, following the end of the Siege of Vicksburg, the Confederate soldiers were paroled back to the Confederacy. The custom of parole at the time was that paroled soldiers could not serve anymore. The Confederacy broke the custom, most of the parole soldiers were taken back into the Confederate Army, and the Union stopped paroling Confederate soldiers for the rest of the war. Given the dreadful conditions of POW camps on both sides, one can only guess as to how many Confederate prisoners died as a result of the end of paroles.
I'm also suspicious of historical turning points. President Lincoln could have left Gen. Meade in full command of the Army of the Potomac or replaced him with another "
Peter Principle" general. The Confederacy could have appointed a commanding general for its armies, who then could have devised a strategic plan for the conduct of the war. Lincoln could have left Gen. Halleck in charge of the Union Army or found another inept general to command the Army. The Confederacy could have won a smashing battle in September or October of 1864, which might have then led to McClellan winning the presidential election and then suing for peace.
None of that happened, of course. And so the course of the war followed. Yes, the Confederate Army won a lot of battles in the months after Gettysburg. They still lost the war.
And the Confederates, now ably assisted by four justices on the Supreme Court, have been struggling to overturn the results of the war ever since. Were it not for the 13th and 14th Amendments, they might have succeeded more than they have.